The Ijaredari system introduced under British rule primarily involved:
- Direct settlement with individual peasants
- Permanent ownership of land by peasants
- Collective payment of revenue by village communities
- Auctioning the right to collect land revenue
The Ijaredari system was introduced in Bengal under Warren Hastings in 1773. The right to collect revenue from an area was auctioned to the highest bidder. The successful bidder was known as the Ijaradar. The initial tenure was generally five years. The system encouraged revenue extraction rather than long-term agricultural development.
Under the Ijaredari system, an Ijaradar was primarily responsible for:
- Preparing military budgets
- Collecting land revenue
- Conducting judicial reforms
- Recruiting civil servants
An Ijaradar obtained the right to collect revenue through auction. The system operated in Bengal under British administration. Ijaradars collected taxes from peasants and other sections such as traders. They paid a fixed amount to the colonial government. Their short-term interests often encouraged maximum extraction of revenue.
The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793 under:
- Warren Hastings
- Lord Hastings
- Lord Cornwallis
- Lord Wellesley
The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793. It is associated with Lord Cornwallis. Zamindars collected revenue from peasants and paid a fixed amount to the government. Failure to pay revenue could result in the auction of their estates.
Which statement best describes an important feature of the Permanent Settlement?
- Zamindars had no role in revenue collection
- Revenue was collected directly from every individual cultivator
- Zamindars were recognized as hereditary landowners
- Village communities became the sole owners of land
The Permanent Settlement recognized zamindars as hereditary owners of land. Zamindars collected land revenue from peasants. They retained a portion of the collected revenue. A fixed revenue demand had to be paid to the colonial government. Failure to pay the required amount could result in the auction of their estates.
The primary unit of revenue assessment under the Mahalwari System was:
- Presidency
- Individual cultivator
- Zamindar's estate
- Village or mahal
The Mahalwari System was based on collective responsibility. The village or mahal was the main unit of revenue assessment. The village headman, known as the lambardar, collected revenue. The revenue responsibility rested collectively on the village community. The system was introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 and later developed further under Lord William Bentinck.
Under the Mahalwari System, the lambardar was primarily responsible for:
- Recruiting soldiers
- Collecting and remitting land revenue
- Conducting religious reforms
- Managing British factories
The Mahalwari System treated the village or mahal as the revenue unit. The lambardar acted as the village headman. He was responsible for collecting revenue from cultivators. He then remitted the revenue to the colonial authorities. The system therefore involved collective responsibility rather than purely individual responsibility.
The Ryotwari System established a direct revenue relationship between:
- Government and individual cultivator
- Zamindar and village headman
- Government and village community
- Government and zamindar
The Ryotwari System abolished intermediaries such as zamindars. The government dealt directly with the ryot or cultivator. The cultivator was recognized as the proprietor of the land. The ryot could sell, mortgage or gift the land under the stated system. However, high and revisable revenue demands created considerable hardship.
Which land revenue system involved direct settlement with the cultivators?
- Permanent Settlement
- Mahalwari System
- Ryotwari System
- Ijaredari System
The word "ryot" refers to the cultivator. Under Ryotwari, the government established a direct relationship with the cultivator. Zamindar intermediaries were removed from the revenue relationship. Revenue was periodically assessed rather than fixed permanently.
The Doctrine of Lapse was most closely associated with:
- Lord Canning
- Lord Dalhousie
- Lord Cornwallis
- Lord William Bentinck
The Doctrine of Lapse is strongly associated with Lord Dalhousie. Dalhousie served as Governor-General from 1848 to 1856. Under the doctrine, states without a direct biological male heir could be annexed. Adopted heirs were not accepted for succession under the doctrine. The policy created considerable resentment among Indian rulers.
Which of the following states was annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse?
- Awadh
- Punjab
- Sindh
- Jhansi
Jhansi was one of the important states annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. The policy refused to recognize adopted heirs in the relevant succession cases. The annexation of Jhansi deeply affected Rani Laxmibai. Political resentment generated by such annexations contributed to the atmosphere preceding the Revolt of 1857.
Which state was NOT annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse?
- Awadh
- Jhansi
- Satara
- Nagpur
TSatara, Jhansi and Nagpur are listed as states annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. Awadh was annexed in 1856. Awadh was annexed on the ground of alleged misgovernment. The annexation of Awadh therefore differed from the Doctrine of Lapse.
Which of the following was associated with Dalhousie's modernization policies?
- Railways
- Electric telegraph
- Postal development
- All of the above
Lord Dalhousie is credited with important infrastructure developments. Railways founded during his administration. The electric telegraph was also introduced and developed. The postal system was strengthened as part of administrative modernization. These developments helped connect different parts of British India.
The Revolt of 1857 began at:
- Delhi
- Kanpur
- Meerut
- Lucknow
The Revolt of 1857 began with the sepoy mutiny at Meerut. The date was 10 May 1857. The rebels then moved towards Delhi. They sought the leadership of Bahadur Shah Zafar. Delhi subsequently became an important centre of the uprising.
Who was declared the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857 at Delhi?
- Nana Sahib
- Bahadur Shah Zafar
- Tantia Tope
- Kunwar Singh
Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor. He was initially reluctant to lead the uprising. Sepoys from Meerut reached Delhi and sought his leadership. His association gave the rebellion a symbolic Mughal legitimacy. He consequently became the symbolic head of the uprising.
What was the immediate trigger associated with the Revolt of 1857?
- Heavy land revenue
- Doctrine of Lapse
- Enfield rifle cartridges
- Annexation of Awadh
The immediate military trigger was connected with the new Enfield rifle cartridges. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges open. The cartridges were rumoured to contain cow and pig fat. This offended the religious sentiments of Hindu and Muslim sepoys. The controversy intensified existing political, economic and military grievances.
Mangal Pandey was associated with:
- Meerut
- Kanpur
- Delhi
- Barrackpore
Mangal Pandey was a sepoy of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry. He was stationed at Barrackpore. On 29 March 1857, he openly resisted British officers. He was subsequently arrested and tried. He was executed by hanging on 8 April 1857.
Mangal Pandey was executed on:
- 29 March 1857
- 8 April 1857
- 10 May 1857
- 21 September 1857
Mangal Pandey's act of resistance occurred on 29 March 1857. He was associated with the 34th Bengal Native Infantry. He openly attacked British officers at Barrackpore. He was subsequently tried and sentenced to death.
Which of the following was NOT a major cause of the Revolt of 1857?
- Doctrine of Lapse
- Economic exploitation
- Sepoy grievances
- Equal pay and promotion for Indian soldiers
Indian sepoys faced discrimination in pay and promotion. Their service conditions generated dissatisfaction. Economic exploitation created resentment among peasants and other groups. The Doctrine of Lapse angered Indian princes. Therefore, equal treatment of Indian soldiers was not a cause; rather, inequality was a grievance.
Which of the following was an economic cause of the Revolt of 1857?
- Reduction in land revenue
- Heavy taxation and revenue demands
- Expansion of Indian handicrafts
- Agricultural prosperity
British revenue settlements placed heavy financial demands on rural society. Peasants faced high and often inflexible taxation. Many peasants became indebted to moneylenders. Artisans and zamindars also experienced economic difficulties. These economic problems contributed to widespread dissatisfaction.
The British recaptured Delhi in:
- May 1857
- July 1857
- September 1857
- December 1857
Delhi was an important centre of the Revolt of 1857. Bahadur Shah Zafar became the symbolic leader there. British forces eventually recaptured Delhi. Bahadur Shah Zafar was captured shortly afterwards.
.jpg)
0 Comments