Who abolished the Dual System of administration in Bengal?
- Robert Clive
- Warren Hastings
- Lord Cornwallis
- Lord Wellesley
Robert Clive introduced the Dual System after the Company acquired Diwani rights. The system operated from 1765 to 1772. Warren Hastings abolished it in 1772. He brought Bengal under more direct Company administration. The reform aimed to reduce the problems created by dual governance.
Warren Hastings was the first:
- Governor-General of India
- Governor-General of Bengal
- Viceroy of India
- Governor of Bombay
Warren Hastings became Governor-General of Bengal under the Regulating Act of 1773. He is sometimes loosely described as India's first Governor-General. Technically, the title created by the Act was Governor-General of Bengal. The title Governor-General of India came later. The Charter Act of 1833 created the wider office.
The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was introduced by:
- Warren Hastings
- Lord Hastings
- Lord Cornwallis
- Lord Wellesley
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793. Zamindars were given hereditary land rights. They were required to pay a fixed revenue to the government. The settlement was mainly associated with Bengal and nearby areas. Warren Hastings did not introduce the Permanent Settlement.
The Cornwallis Code largely excluded Indians from:
- Local trade
- Military service
- Agriculture
- Senior civil and judicial posts
Cornwallis introduced important administrative reforms. Senior civil and judicial positions were largely reserved for Europeans. Indians were generally restricted to lower positions. This reinforced European dominance in administration.
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in:
- 1765
- 1773
- 1793
- 1813
The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793. Lord Cornwallis was Governor-General at the time. It created a class of hereditary zamindars. The government expected fixed land revenue from them. The policy had major social and economic consequences.
Which Governor-General crushed the Pindari threat?
- Lord Hastings
- William Bentinck
- Warren Hastings
- Lord Cornwallis
Lord Hastings governed India from 1813 to 1823. He organized major military operations against the Pindaris. The Pindari threat was largely eliminated by 1818. His administration also witnessed the Third Anglo-Maratha War. These campaigns expanded British dominance over large parts of India.
The Treaty of Sugauli was associated with the war against:
- Mysore
- Nepal
- Marathas
- France
The Treaty of Sugauli was signed in 1816. It ended the Anglo-Nepalese or Gurkha War. Nepal lost substantial territories. Nepal itself was not annexed by the British. Nepal remained an independent kingdom under increasing British influence.
The First Anglo-Maratha War ended with the:
- Treaty of Bassein
- Treaty of Purandar
- Treaty of Salbai
- Treaty of Allahabad
The First Anglo-Maratha War ended in 1782. The Treaty of Salbai concluded the conflict. The Treaty of Purandar of 1776 did not end the war. The Treaty of Salbai largely restored the status quo. It did not establish complete British supremacy over the Marathas.
The British suffered a major defeat at Wadgaon in:
- 1775
- 1779
- 1784
- 1793
The Battle of Wadgaon took place during the First Anglo-Maratha War. The British were surrounded by Maratha forces. They were forced to accept humiliating terms. They agreed to return territories acquired since 1775. It was an important Indian victory over British forces.
The Treaty of Bassein of 1802 was signed with:
- Mir Qasim
- Tipu Sultan
- Shah Alam II
- Baji Rao II
Peshwa Baji Rao II signed the Treaty of Bassein in 1802. The treaty brought him under British protection. Powerful Maratha chiefs such as Scindia and Holkar opposed the arrangement. Their opposition contributed to the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The treaty significantly increased British influence over Maratha politics.
The Third Anglo-Maratha War was partly associated with British operations against:
- Pindaris
- French
- Portuguese
- Sikhs
The Pindaris were irregular groups operating in central India. Some had links with Maratha interests. The British used operations against them as a justification for wider military action. These developments contributed to the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The war ended Maratha political independence and dissolved the Maratha confederacy.
Who was killed during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War?
- Hyder Ali
- Tipu Sultan
- Mir Qasim
- Baji Rao II
The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ended in 1799. Tipu Sultan was killed during the Siege of Seringapatam. His death marked the defeat of Mysore. Most of Tipu's territories were divided among the victorious powers. The Wodeyar dynasty was restored to a reduced Mysore kingdom under British influence.
Which dynasty was restored in Mysore after the defeat of Tipu Sultan?
- Wodeyar dynasty
- Maratha dynasty
- Nizam dynasty
- Mughal dynasty
Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed in 1799. The British did not simply establish direct rule over the whole of Mysore. A reduced Mysore kingdom was restored to the Wodeyar family. Krishnaraja Wadiyar III was placed on the throne. The restored kingdom remained under British protection and influence.
Which statement best describes alliances during the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
- Marathas and Nizam always supported Mysore
- Marathas and Nizam always supported Britain
- Alliances changed according to circumstances
- Mysore had no allies at any stage
Alliances during the Anglo-Mysore Wars were not permanent. The Marathas and Nizam sometimes supported Mysore. At other times they supported the British. During the later wars, both increasingly cooperated with the British against Tipu Sultan. Therefore, there was no consistent alliance throughout all four wars.
The Regulating Act was passed in:
- 1765
- 1773
- 1784
- 1793
The Regulating Act was passed in 1773. It was an important attempt by the British Parliament to regulate Company administration. It created the office of Governor-General of Bengal. Warren Hastings became the first holder of this position. It also established the Supreme Court at Calcutta.
The Supreme Court established under the Regulating Act was located at:
- Delhi
- Bombay
- Madras
- Calcutta
The Regulating Act established the Supreme Court at Calcutta. The court was established in 1774. It dealt with administration of justice in the Bengal Presidency. The Supreme Court was an important step in formalizing British judicial administration.
Pitt's India Act was passed in:
- 1773
- 1784
- 1793
- 1813
Pitt's India Act was passed in 1784. It strengthened British parliamentary control over Company affairs. It established the Board of Control. Political and administrative affairs came under stronger government supervision. The Court of Directors continued to handle the Company's commercial functions.
Which body was established by Pitt's India Act?
- Board of Control
- Supreme Court
- Federal Court
- Public Service Commission
Pitt's India Act established the Board of Control. It consisted of six members according to the source. It supervised political, civil and military affairs. The Court of Directors continued to deal with commercial affairs. This created a system of dual control between the British government and the Company.
The Charter Act of 1813 ended the Company's monopoly over:
- Trade with China only
- Tea trade only
- Trade with India
- All political activities
The Charter Act of 1813 ended the Company's monopoly over Indian trade. British merchants were allowed to trade in India. The Company retained its monopoly over China trade. It also retained its monopoly over the tea trade for another period. The Act also promoted education and allowed Christian missionaries to enter Company territories.
Which Charter Act ended the commercial functions of the East India Company completely?
- Charter Act of 1793
- Charter Act of 1813
- Charter Act of 1833
- Charter Act of 1853
The Charter Act of 1833 ended the Company's commercial functions. The Company became essentially an administrative and political organization. Its remaining trade monopolies were abolished. The Governor-General of Bengal became the Governor-General of India.
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